The Chinese proverbs say: Water is a boon in the desert, but the drowning man curses it. Along with the country developing; however, we all ignore that we destroy the environment. In addition, the ocean pollution is serious problems. The number of the sharks in the world are rapidly reduced. For example, the statistics from the Shark Specialist Group, a group of 160 experts from 90 countries shows “due to the over hunting between 25% to 35% of sharks were are classified as threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List.”#3 By suffering the benefit from technology improve, there are lots of animal’s existence have been the challenge. Especially, the marine is the department that we need to pay more attention. Because of the human activities over-hunting, the environment changing and the water pollution, some of the shark species are getting endanger in the world.
First, the human commercial activities seriously make the shark’s numbers decline. Because of the shark has high commercial value, people start hunting the shark around the world for the shark fins. Especially, in china where is the place they are the largest country ate the shark fin. There is a study point out that it is common to see shark fin restaurant in china. It is not a good news for the shark protect. Moreover, The study says “Hong Kong has long been the world’s largest shark fin center.#1That is to say, why people like to eat fins??There is a common belief eating fins were health. However, this is incorrect. In fact, the study claim “The impact of the methyl mercury found in all shark products and the irreversible, neurological damage it can have, as well as the use of industrial grade hydrogen peroxide to process shark fins, are also becoming better known.”#2 People should change their concept with the shark fins which is excellent for our health. Moreover, shark’s value was not only the shark fin but also the product from the shark. We can see there are some of shark item on the shelves in the supermarket, such as fish oil or shark can. The report mention eating moderate shark liver oil were a particular benefit for vascular health#4. However, we should not fish the shark without limit. For instance, in Australia, the Scientists point out base on the research, massive of the gray reef shark’s number had reduced 3% of balance point and they are rapidly declining without our estimate. #5 Furthermore, the global commercial trade lead to the shark’s prey declined. By using food recourse to distinguish the type of the shark, meat eater, and non-meat eater. Most of the shark ate the other smaller fish, the other type of shark ate the small aquatic life including mollusks and clams, crab, squid, and lobster. #6 Nevertheless, because of the ocean trade benefit, the prey had been over-hunting by the human. It forced the shark dead or change their habitat to found food. #7 After that, the human activity makes environment changing and threat the multiplication or survival. Bellow the country devolving, the factories are rapidly shown up. However, the environment has become the vast victim. In addition, the global warming and the ocean acidification are the two biggest reason. Due to the climbing up the temperature, the Arctic’s Glacier melting as fast as possible. Then the There is a study find when the ocean temperature is getting warm, the shark’s fertility go and reduce the olfactory ability. Besides, the olfactory ability is the main skill that the shark to track their prey. There is no doubt that if they can’t smoothly reproduction of their offspring. The number of the shark should be decline year after year.#8 Another cause from human activity is the ocean acidification. To illustrate, ”Recent studies show that ocean acidification impairs sensory functions and alters the behavior of teleost fishes. If sharks and other elasmobranchs are similarly affected, this could have significant consequences for marine ecosystems globally.” #9 declare from the researcher. Moreover, the graph shows the result of CO2 does affect the shark behavior. Next, the industry creates major pollution affect the shark survival. The human activity, such as Industrial waste or ship leak the oil are extremely damage the ocean system. The industrial waste without the sewage treatment system, pull it into the ocean directly. Thus, the small fish suffer from the pollution, and then the shark ate the small fish. Lastly, people ate the shark and got all the toxic material in our body. It is a vicious circle. #10In addition, the industrial waste also impact the habitat. However, people figure out a way to solve this problem. It is call 「Mustelus lenticulatus」. They using ‘’ten rigs were tracked for up to four months during summer–autumn to determine their spatial and temporal use of the habitat.’’ #11 The ship leaks the oil is the one of the reason shark’s habitat had been destroying. Here is an example shows that the oil leak totally damaged the ocean. #13In addition, the study says there are 53% of the oil was leaking when we were excavation.#14 Finally, the shark is endangered, if we still over-hunting the massive number of shark for eating. Moreover, we need to formulate the law which prohibits the industries pollute. The Times observe “Last year, for example, Congress passed landmark legislation that requires fishery managers to crack down on overfishing in US waters.” Moreover, to impression, there are more than 30 countries sign the contract to protect the ocean together #12 We should not put our limit to protect our environment or animals. There is the various way to solve this Plight which is helpful for our ocean. We can start from education that creates people’s consent that eating shark fin are not really the only the way to get the nutrition. Next step, we should teach children how to protect our earth when there are in the young age. By turning the light off when you leave the place, we were not only can save the Carbon dioxide, but also save our money. In addition, do not use the plastic bottle to drink water. It could reduce the plastic we use. There are the major numbers of things we can do for our earth or our ocean. For example, in the summer season, I will not open the air conditioning. By using the van to make the room temperature became colder. In the other side, the government should make the law to limit the fishing ship’s numbers and control the fishing season. Otherwise, all the sharks would have been caught without one. All the species were unique on the earth, even human was. We have the duty to let our offspring to see such as beautiful animals in the world. If we don’t change our way to treat ocean, the shark will be like the Lipotes Vexillifer disappear on the earth. Resources #1 ABNT (Brazilian National Standards) References TSOI, KH; et al. Shark Conservation: An Educational Approach Based on Children’s Knowledge and Perceptions toward Sharks. PLoS ONE. 11, 9, 1-17, Sept. 29, 2016. ISSN: 19326203. AMA (American Medical Assoc.) Reference List Tsoi K, Chan S, Lee Y, Ip B, Cheang C. Shark Conservation: An Educational Approach Based on Children’s Knowledge and Perceptions toward Sharks. Plos ONE [serial online]. September 29, 2016;11(9):1-17. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed December 2, 2016. APA (American Psychological Assoc.) References Tsoi, K. H., Chan, S. Y., Lee, Y. C., Ip, B. Y., & Cheang, C. C. (2016). Shark Conservation: An Educational Approach Based on Children’s Knowledge and Perceptions toward Sharks. Plos ONE, 11(9), 1-17. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163406 Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date Reference List Tsoi, Kwok Ho, Sau Ying Chan, Yeung Chung Lee, Brian Ho Yeung Ip, and Chi Chiu Cheang. 2016. "Shark Conservation: An Educational Approach Based on Children’s Knowledge and Perceptions toward Sharks." Plos ONE 11, no. 9: 1-17. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Chicago/Turabian: Humanities Bibliography Tsoi, Kwok Ho, et al. "Shark Conservation: An Educational Approach Based on Children’s Knowledge and Perceptions toward Sharks." Plos ONE 11, no. 9 (September 29, 2016): 1-17. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Harvard References Tsoi, K, Chan, S, Lee, Y, Ip, B, & Cheang, C 2016, 'Shark Conservation: An Educational Approach Based on Children’s Knowledge and Perceptions toward Sharks', Plos ONE, 11, 9, pp. 1-17, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 December 2016. Harvard: Australian References Tsoi, KH, Chan, SY, Lee, YC, Ip, BY, & Cheang, CC 2016, 'Shark Conservation: An Educational Approach Based on Children’s Knowledge and Perceptions toward Sharks', PLoS ONE, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 1-17. Available from: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163406. [2 December 2016]. MLA (Modern Language Assoc.) Works Cited Tsoi, Kwok Ho, et al. "Shark Conservation: An Educational Approach Based On Children’S Knowledge And Perceptions Toward Sharks." Plos ONE 11.9 (2016): 1-17. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 Dec. 2016. Vancouver/ICMJE References Tsoi K, Chan S, Lee Y, Ip B, Cheang C. Shark Conservation: An Educational Approach Based on Children’s Knowledge and Perceptions toward Sharks. Plos ONE [serial on the Internet]. (2016, Sep 29), [cited December 2, 2016]; 11(9): 1-17. Available from: Academic Search Complete. #2#3 ABNT (Brazilian National Standards) References KETTLES, N. Revealed: how demand for shark fin soup fuels bloody harvest. Ecologist. 40, 20, 10-13, Feb. 2011. ISSN: 02613131. AMA (American Medical Assoc.) Reference List Kettles N. Revealed: how demand for shark fin soup fuels bloody harvest. Ecologist [serial online]. February 2011;40(20):10-13. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed December 2, 2016. APA (American Psychological Assoc.) References Kettles, N. (2011). Revealed: how demand for shark fin soup fuels bloody harvest. Ecologist, 40(20), 10-13. Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date Reference List Kettles, Nick. 2011. "Revealed: how demand for shark fin soup fuels bloody harvest." Ecologist 40, no. 20: 10-13. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Chicago/Turabian: Humanities Bibliography Kettles, Nick. "Revealed: how demand for shark fin soup fuels bloody harvest." Ecologist 40, no. 20 (February 2011): 10-13. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Harvard References Kettles, N 2011, 'Revealed: how demand for shark fin soup fuels bloody harvest', Ecologist, 40, 20, pp. 10-13, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 December 2016. Harvard: Australian References Kettles, N 2011, 'Revealed: how demand for shark fin soup fuels bloody harvest', Ecologist, vol. 40, no. 20, pp. 10-13. MLA (Modern Language Assoc.) Works Cited Kettles, Nick. "Revealed: How Demand For Shark Fin Soup Fuels Bloody Harvest." Ecologist 40.20 (2011): 10-13. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 Dec. 2016. Vancouver/ICMJE References Kettles N. Revealed: how demand for shark fin soup fuels bloody harvest. Ecologist [serial on the Internet]. (2011, Feb), [cited December 2, 2016]; 40(20): 10-13. Available from: Academic Search Complete. #4 ABNT (Brazilian National Standards) References NAOBUMI, H; et al. Vascular effects and safety of supplementation with shark liver oil in middle-aged and elderly males. Experimental & Therapeutic Medicine. 10, 2, 641-646, Aug. 2015. ISSN: 17920981. AMA (American Medical Assoc.) Reference List NAOBUMI H, YOSHIYUKI M, KAZUNAGA Y, et al. Vascular effects and safety of supplementation with shark liver oil in middle-aged and elderly males. Experimental & Therapeutic Medicine [serial online]. August 2015;10(2):641-646. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed December 2, 2016. APA (American Psychological Assoc.) References NAOBUMI, H., YOSHIYUKI, M., KAYOKO, S., TETSURO, Y., HIDEYO, Y., TAKASHI, N., & ... KAZUNAGA, Y. (2015). Vascular effects and safety of supplementation with shark liver oil in middle-aged and elderly males. Experimental & Therapeutic Medicine, 10(2), 641-646. doi:10.3892/etm.2015.2568 Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date Reference List NAOBUMI, HAMADATE, MATSUMOTO YOSHIYUKI, SETO KAYOKO, YAMAMOTO TETSURO, YAMAGUCHI HIDEYO, NAKAGAWA TAKASHI, YAMAMOTO ETSUSHI, FUKAGAWA MITSUHIKO, and YAZAWA KAZUNAGA. 2015. "Vascular effects and safety of supplementation with shark liver oil in middle-aged and elderly males." Experimental & Therapeutic Medicine 10, no. 2: 641-646. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Chicago/Turabian: Humanities Bibliography NAOBUMI, HAMADATE, et al. "Vascular effects and safety of supplementation with shark liver oil in middle-aged and elderly males." Experimental & Therapeutic Medicine 10, no. 2 (August 2015): 641-646. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Harvard References NAOBUMI, H, YOSHIYUKI, M, KAYOKO, S, TETSURO, Y, HIDEYO, Y, TAKASHI, N, ETSUSHI, Y, MITSUHIKO, F, & KAZUNAGA, Y 2015, 'Vascular effects and safety of supplementation with shark liver oil in middle-aged and elderly males', Experimental & Therapeutic Medicine, 10, 2, pp. 641-646, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 December 2016. Harvard: Australian References NAOBUMI, H, YOSHIYUKI, M, KAYOKO, S, TETSURO, Y, HIDEYO, Y, TAKASHI, N, ETSUSHI, Y, MITSUHIKO, F, & KAZUNAGA, Y 2015, 'Vascular effects and safety of supplementation with shark liver oil in middle-aged and elderly males', Experimental & Therapeutic Medicine, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 641-646. Available from: 10.3892/etm.2015.2568. [2 December 2016]. MLA (Modern Language Assoc.) Works Cited NAOBUMI, HAMADATE, et al. "Vascular Effects And Safety Of Supplementation With Shark Liver Oil In Middle-Aged And Elderly Males." Experimental & Therapeutic Medicine 10.2 (2015): 641-646. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 Dec. 2016. Vancouver/ICMJE References NAOBUMI H, YOSHIYUKI M, KAYOKO S, TETSURO Y, HIDEYO Y, KAZUNAGA Y, et al. Vascular effects and safety of supplementation with shark liver oil in middle-aged and elderly males. Experimental & Therapeutic Medicine [serial on the Internet]. (2015, Aug), [cited December 2, 2016]; 10(2): 641-646. Available from: Academic Search Complete. #5 ABNT (Brazilian National Standards) References Overfishing threatens Great Barrier Reef's sharks. Ecos. 134, 6, Dec. 2006. ISSN: 03114546. AMA (American Medical Assoc.) Reference List Overfishing threatens Great Barrier Reef's sharks. Ecos [serial online]. December 2006;(134):6. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed December 2, 2016. APA (American Psychological Assoc.) References Overfishing threatens Great Barrier Reef's sharks. (2006). Ecos, (134), 6. Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date Reference List 2006. "Overfishing threatens Great Barrier Reef's sharks." Ecos no. 134: 6. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Chicago/Turabian: Humanities Bibliography "Overfishing threatens Great Barrier Reef's sharks." Ecos no. 134 (December 2006): 6. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Harvard References 'Overfishing threatens Great Barrier Reef's sharks' 2006, Ecos, 134, p. 6, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 December 2016. Harvard: Australian References 'Overfishing threatens Great Barrier Reef's sharks', 2006, Ecos, no. 134, p. 6. MLA (Modern Language Assoc.) Works Cited "Overfishing Threatens Great Barrier Reef's Sharks." Ecos 134 (2006): 6. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 Dec. 2016. Vancouver/ICMJE References Overfishing threatens Great Barrier Reef's sharks. Ecos [serial on the Internet]. (2006, Dec), [cited December 2, 2016]; (134): 6. Available from: Academic Search Complete. #6 http://www.sharks-world.com/what_do_sharks_eat/ #7 (Brazilian National Standards) References NASH, JM. The fish crisis. Time. 150, 6, 65, Aug. 11, 1997. ISSN: 0040781X. AMA (American Medical Assoc.) Reference List Nash J. The fish crisis. Time [serial online]. August 11, 1997;150(6):65. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed December 2, 2016. APA (American Psychological Assoc.) References Nash, J. M. (1997). The fish crisis. Time, 150(6), 65. Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date Reference List Nash, J. Madeleine. 1997. "The fish crisis." Time 150, no. 6: 65. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Chicago/Turabian: Humanities Bibliography Nash, J. Madeleine. "The fish crisis." Time 150, no. 6 (August 11, 1997): 65. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Harvard References Nash, JM 1997, 'The fish crisis', Time, 150, 6, p. 65, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 December 2016. Harvard: Australian References Nash, JM 1997, 'The fish crisis', Time, vol. 150, no. 6, p. 65. MLA (Modern Language Assoc.) Works Cited Nash, J. Madeleine. "The Fish Crisis." Time 150.6 (1997): 65. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 Dec. 2016. Vancouver/ICMJE References Nash J. The fish crisis. Time [serial on the Internet]. (1997, Aug 11), [cited December 2, 2016]; 150(6): 65. Available from: Academic Search Complete. #8 ABNT (Brazilian National Standards) References PISTEVOS, JA; et al. Ocean acidification and global warming impair shark hunting behaviour and growth. Scientific Reports. 16293, Nov. 13, 2015. ISSN: 20452322. AMA (American Medical Assoc.) Reference List Pistevos J, Nagelkerken I, Rossi T, Olmos M, Connell S. Ocean acidification and global warming impair shark hunting behaviour and growth. Scientific Reports [serial online]. November 13, 2015;:16293. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed December 2, 2016. APA (American Psychological Assoc.) References Pistevos, J. A., Nagelkerken, I., Rossi, T., Olmos, M., & Connell, S. D. (2015). Ocean acidification and global warming impair shark hunting behaviour and growth. Scientific Reports, 16293. doi:10.1038/srep16293 Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date Reference List Pistevos, Jennifer C. A., Ivan Nagelkerken, Tullio Rossi, Maxime Olmos, and Sean D. Connell. 2015. "Ocean acidification and global warming impair shark hunting behaviour and growth." Scientific Reports 16293. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Chicago/Turabian: Humanities Bibliography Pistevos, Jennifer C. A., et al. "Ocean acidification and global warming impair shark hunting behaviour and growth." Scientific Reports (November 13, 2015): 16293. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Harvard References Pistevos, J, Nagelkerken, I, Rossi, T, Olmos, M, & Connell, S 2015, 'Ocean acidification and global warming impair shark hunting behaviour and growth', Scientific Reports, p. 16293, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 December 2016. Harvard: Australian References Pistevos, JA, Nagelkerken, I, Rossi, T, Olmos, M, & Connell, SD 2015, 'Ocean acidification and global warming impair shark hunting behaviour and growth', Scientific Reports, p. 16293. Available from: 10.1038/srep16293. [2 December 2016]. MLA (Modern Language Assoc.) Works Cited Pistevos, Jennifer C. A., et al. "Ocean Acidification And Global Warming Impair Shark Hunting Behaviour And Growth." Scientific Reports (2015): 16293. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 Dec. 2016. Vancouver/ICMJE References Pistevos J, Nagelkerken I, Rossi T, Olmos M, Connell S. Ocean acidification and global warming impair shark hunting behaviour and growth. Scientific Reports [serial on the Internet]. (2015, Nov 13), [cited December 2, 2016]; 16293. Available from: Academic Search Complete. #9 ABNT (Brazilian National Standards) References DIXSON, DL; et al. Odor tracking in sharks is reduced under future ocean acidification conditions. Global Change Biology. 21, 4, 1454-1462, Apr. 2015. ISSN: 13541013. AMA (American Medical Assoc.) Reference List Dixson D, Jennings A, Atema J, Munday P. Odor tracking in sharks is reduced under future ocean acidification conditions. Global Change Biology [serial online]. April 2015;21(4):1454-1462. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed December 2, 2016. APA (American Psychological Assoc.) References Dixson, D. L., Jennings, A. R., Atema, J., & Munday, P. L. (2015). Odor tracking in sharks is reduced under future ocean acidification conditions. Global Change Biology, 21(4), 1454-1462. doi:10.1111/gcb.12678 Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date Reference List Dixson, Danielle L., Ashley R. Jennings, Jelle Atema, and Philip L. Munday. 2015. "Odor tracking in sharks is reduced under future ocean acidification conditions." Global Change Biology 21, no. 4: 1454-1462. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Chicago/Turabian: Humanities Bibliography Dixson, Danielle L., et al. "Odor tracking in sharks is reduced under future ocean acidification conditions." Global Change Biology 21, no. 4 (April 2015): 1454-1462. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Harvard References Dixson, D, Jennings, A, Atema, J, & Munday, P 2015, 'Odor tracking in sharks is reduced under future ocean acidification conditions', Global Change Biology, 21, 4, pp. 1454-1462, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 December 2016. Harvard: Australian References Dixson, DL, Jennings, AR, Atema, J, & Munday, PL 2015, 'Odor tracking in sharks is reduced under future ocean acidification conditions', Global Change Biology, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1454-1462. Available from: 10.1111/gcb.12678. [2 December 2016]. MLA (Modern Language Assoc.) Works Cited Dixson, Danielle L., et al. "Odor Tracking In Sharks Is Reduced Under Future Ocean Acidification Conditions." Global Change Biology 21.4 (2015): 1454-1462. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 Dec. 2016. Vancouver/ICMJE References Dixson D, Jennings A, Atema J, Munday P. Odor tracking in sharks is reduced under future ocean acidification conditions. Global Change Biology [serial on the Internet]. (2015, Apr), [cited December 2, 2016]; 21(4): 1454-1462. Available from: Academic Search Complete. #10 Blue sharks (Prionace glauca) as bioindicators of pollution and health in the Atlantic Ocean: Contamination levels and biochemical stress responses. Authors: Alves, Luís M.F.1 Nunes, Margarida1,2 Marchand, Philippe2 Le Bizec, Bruno2 Mendes, Susana1 Correia, João P.S.1,3 Lemos, Marco F.L.1 Novais, Sara C.1 [email protected] Source: Science of the Total Environment. Sep2016, Vol. 563, p282-292. 11p. Document Type: Article Subject Terms: *Blue shark *Bioindicators *Marine ecology *Oxidative stress *Xenobiotics Geographic Terms: Atlantic Ocean Author-Supplied Keywords: Biomarkers Human health risk Marine pollution Sharks Abstract: Marine ecosystems are constantly being threatened by contaminants produced by human activities. There is an urge to better understand their impacts on marine organisms and develop reliable tools for biomonitoring studies, while also assessing their potential impacts on human health. Given their position on top of food webs, sharks are particularly susceptible to bioaccumulation, making them potential sentinel species of marine contamination. The main objective of this study was to find suitable biomarkers for future marine pollution biomonitoring studies by correlating biochemical responses with tissue contaminant body burden in blue sharks ( Prionace glauca ), a species heavily caught and consumed by humans, while also addressing their general health. The chemical contaminants analysed comprised different persistent organic pollutants (POPs) families from polychlorinated compounds to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) and different trace and heavy metals. Concentrations of some contaminants in sharks' tissues were found to be above the legally allowed limits for human consumption. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was performed and some strong associations were found between biochemical responses and contaminants' accumulation levels. DNA damage and lipid peroxidation levels, as well as the inhibition of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase, were the main effects and consequences of contamination. The impact of contamination on these vital macromolecules underlines the suboptimal conditions of the sampled P. glauca, which can ultimately lead to the degradation of core ecological aspects, such as swimming, feeding, and reproduction. It can be concluded that P. glauca demonstrates great potential to be used as environmental sentinel and suitable biomarker candidates were identified in this work. Moreover, this study also highlights the risks that the consumption of blue shark derived products can pose to human health, which is of upmost interest as the sampled organisms were still juveniles and already presented values above regulatory limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Science of the Total Environment is the property of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) Author Affiliations: 1MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal 2LUNAM Université, Oniris, USC 1329, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, France 3Flying Sharks, 9900-361 Horta, Portugal ISSN: 0048-9697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.085 Accession Number: 116087892 #11 ABNT (Brazilian National Standards) References FRANCIS, MP. Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Habitat Use by Juveniles of a Small Coastal Shark (Mustelus lenticulatus) in an Estuarine Nursery. PLoS ONE. 8, 2, 1-15, Feb. 2013. ISSN: 19326203. AMA (American Medical Assoc.) Reference List Francis M. Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Habitat Use by Juveniles of a Small Coastal Shark (Mustelus lenticulatus) in an Estuarine Nursery. Plos ONE [serial online]. February 2013;8(2):1-15. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed December 2, 2016. APA (American Psychological Assoc.) References Francis, M. P. (2013). Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Habitat Use by Juveniles of a Small Coastal Shark (Mustelus lenticulatus) in an Estuarine Nursery. Plos ONE, 8(2), 1-15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057021 Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date Reference List Francis, Malcolm P. 2013. "Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Habitat Use by Juveniles of a Small Coastal Shark (Mustelus lenticulatus) in an Estuarine Nursery." Plos ONE 8, no. 2: 1-15. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Chicago/Turabian: Humanities Bibliography Francis, Malcolm P. "Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Habitat Use by Juveniles of a Small Coastal Shark (Mustelus lenticulatus) in an Estuarine Nursery." Plos ONE 8, no. 2 (February 2013): 1-15. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Harvard References Francis, MP 2013, 'Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Habitat Use by Juveniles of a Small Coastal Shark (Mustelus lenticulatus) in an Estuarine Nursery', Plos ONE, 8, 2, pp. 1-15, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 December 2016. Harvard: Australian References Francis, MP 2013, 'Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Habitat Use by Juveniles of a Small Coastal Shark (Mustelus lenticulatus) in an Estuarine Nursery', PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1-15. Available from: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057021. [2 December 2016]. MLA (Modern Language Assoc.) Works Cited Francis, Malcolm P. "Temporal And Spatial Patterns Of Habitat Use By Juveniles Of A Small Coastal Shark (Mustelus Lenticulatus) In An Estuarine Nursery." Plos ONE 8.2 (2013): 1-15. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 Dec. 2016. Vancouver/ICMJE References Francis M. Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Habitat Use by Juveniles of a Small Coastal Shark (Mustelus lenticulatus) in an Estuarine Nursery. Plos ONE [serial on the Internet]. (2013, Feb), [cited December 2, 2016]; 8(2): 1-15. Available from: Academic Search Complete. #12 The fish crisis. Authors: Nash, J. Madeleine Source: Time. 8/11/1997, Vol. 150 Issue 6, p65. 3p. 1 Color Photograph, 1 Graph. Document Type: Article Subject Terms: *Fishes -- Population biology *Fisheries NAICS/Industry Codes: 112511 Finfish Farming and Fish Hatcheries Abstract: Reports on the problems caused by overfishing in the oceans of the world in 1997. The belief that the ocean's limits of production have been exceeded; Other factors leading to depleted fish stocks including pollution and development; The falling of technological and economic barriers which kept overfishing within bounds; The danger for ocean predators like sharks, marlin and bluefin tuna; Estimated value of each bluefin tuna. Full Text Word Count: 1988 ISSN: 0040-781X Accession Number: 9708064885 #13 Influence of the heavy fuel spill from the Prestige tanker wreckage in the overlying seawater column levels of copper, nickel and vanadium (NE Atlantic ocean) Authors: Santos-Echeandía, Juan [email protected] Prego, Ricardo1 Cobelo-García, Antonio1 Source: Journal of Marine Systems. Jul2008, Vol. 72 Issue 1-4, p350-357. 8p. Document Type: Article Subject Terms: *Copper *Nickel *Oil spills *Tankers Author-Supplied Keywords: Contamination Heavy fuel NE Atlantic Ocean Oil spill Prestige tanker Seawater Vanadium NAICS/Industry Codes: 331420 Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying 416210 Metal service centres Abstract: Abstract: The water column above the Prestige wreckage was sampled during two consecutive campaigns: Prestinaut (December 2002) two weeks after the tanker sunk and HidroPrestige0303 (March 2003) one month after the sealing of the main fuel leaks. Samples of the original cargo fuel and the emulsified fuel in the surface of the ocean were also collected. Analysis of the fuel indicated the release of 135 kg of Cu, 1700 kg of Ni and 5300 kg of V from the original fuel to the water column, remaining 35 kg of Cu, 3100 kg of Ni and 13,800 kg of V in the emulsified fuel. The metal partitioning between the water column and the emulsioned floating fuel, Cu>Ni~V, are in accordance with the stability index for the metal–nitrogen bond in metalloporphyrins. This release had an impact on dissolved trace metal concentrations in the water column. An increase on dissolved copper (2.8–4.7 nM) and nickel (2.2–8.0 nM) with respect to natural values (1–3 nM for Cu and 1.6–5 nM for Ni) was observed. Values for vanadium (28–35 nM) were in the range of pristine North Atlantic waters (30–36 nM). This contamination was especially observed in the upper water column (0–50 m), associated with the mixing of seawater with the fuel moving upwards, and in deep waters, where the residence time of fuel is higher. Future research in this field should focus on the environmental variables and the processes that control the release of contaminants from fuels for a better assessment of the contamination in oil-spill events. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] Copyright of Journal of Marine Systems is the property of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) Author Affiliations: 1Marine Research Institute (CSIC), C/Eduardo Cabello, No. 6, Vigo 36208, Spain ISSN: 0924-7963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.12.005 Accession Number: 32074413 #14 ABNT (Brazilian National Standards) References KVENVOLDEN, KA; COOPER, CK. Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment. Geo-Marine Letters. 23, 3/4, 140-146, Dec. 2003. ISSN: 02760460. AMA (American Medical Assoc.) Reference List Kvenvolden K, Cooper C. Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment. Geo-Marine Letters [serial online]. December 2003;23(3/4):140-146. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed December 2, 2016. APA (American Psychological Assoc.) References Kvenvolden, K. A., & Cooper, C. K. (2003). Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment. Geo-Marine Letters, 23(3/4), 140-146. Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date Reference List Kvenvolden, K. A., and C. K. Cooper. 2003. "Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment." Geo-Marine Letters 23, no. 3/4: 140-146. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Chicago/Turabian: Humanities Bibliography Kvenvolden, K. A., and C. K. Cooper. "Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment." Geo-Marine Letters 23, no. 3/4 (December 2003): 140-146. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed December 2, 2016). Harvard References Kvenvolden, K, & Cooper, C 2003, 'Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment', Geo-Marine Letters, 23, 3/4, pp. 140-146, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 December 2016. Harvard: Australian References Kvenvolden, KA, & Cooper, CK 2003, 'Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment', Geo-Marine Letters, vol. 23, no. 3/4, pp. 140-146. MLA (Modern Language Assoc.) Works Cited Kvenvolden, K. A., and C. K. Cooper. "Natural Seepage Of Crude Oil Into The Marine Environment." Geo-Marine Letters 23.3/4 (2003): 140-146. Academic Search Complete. Web. 2 Dec. 2016. Vancouver/ICMJE References Kvenvolden K, Cooper C. Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment. Geo-Marine Letters [serial on the Internet]. (2003, Dec), [cited December 2, 2016]; 23(3/4): 140-146. Available from: Academic Search Complete.
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You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink. This is the best proverbs to describe our student's life. A Teacher would always ask the student to study diligently and gave students lots of knowledge or skill. However,the students didn’t do what a teacher taught u.In high school,I ask the teacher how to improve my English.Thus, my teacher gave me some tools to improve my English.For example,using the vocabulary roots.Moreover, using at least 3 examples to connect with your own life. However, I didn’t do that.The skills teacher gave me were spending too much.As a result, I am stilling learning English.Consequently, not only the teacher but your parents, they taught you some tools are useful in your life.Nevertheless, they can only bring you to the water.If you want to drink the water ,moved your step and got the water.
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